{"id":1098,"date":"2022-01-20T11:07:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-20T11:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imaginedtheatres.com\/?post_type=issue&#038;p=1098"},"modified":"2022-01-21T15:31:06","modified_gmt":"2022-01-21T15:31:06","slug":"chile","status":"publish","type":"issue","link":"https:\/\/www.imaginedtheatres.com\/chile\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><span style=\"color:#cf2e2e\" class=\"tadv-color\">English translation below.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Enero de 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa \u201cChile?\u201d Mucho antes de que los espa\u00f1oles llegaran y lo nombraran as\u00ed, la franja de tierra bordeada por monta\u00f1as, desierto, hielo, y mar ya exist\u00eda <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> igual que su pueblo. Lo que hoy llamamos \u201cChile\u201d <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> su gente, su territorio, su historia, su identidad<meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong>es el producto complejo de la imaginaci\u00f3n, forzosamente moldeado por el legado colonial y neocolonial. A\u00fan el actual perfil internacional de Chile como una naci\u00f3n latinoamericana estable, democr\u00e1tica, econ\u00f3micamente pr\u00f3spera y&nbsp;\u201cavanzada\u201d constituye un ideal que no todos los chilenos experimentan, un perfil que oculta los efectos negativos de las cont\u00ednuas intervenciones extranjeras, desde Espa\u00f1a en el siglo XIV hasta&nbsp;EEUU en el siglo XX.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Teatros Imaginados: Chile <\/em>trata de reposicionar el poder de la imaginaci\u00f3n para evitar reforzar el relato hegem\u00f3nico&nbsp;de la naci\u00f3n chilena y as\u00ed re-evaluar y re-imaginar este pa\u00eds y su identidad a trav\u00e9s de modos espec\u00edficamente teatrales. En el verano de 2019, nuestro equipo editorial, compuesto de dos chilenxs y tres editores de los EEUU (m\u00e1s tarde agregamos un editor espa\u00f1ol), invit\u00f3 a destacados artistas e investigadores teatrales de Chile a enviarnos textos de una p\u00e1gina respondiendo a estas preguntas: \u201c\u00bfC\u00f3mo podemos usar el teatro para imaginar el pa\u00eds y el territorio (en el presente, el futuro, y\/o el pasado)? En el caso hipot\u00e9tico de que no existieran los l\u00edmites f\u00edsicos, financieros, ni burocr\u00e1ticos que restringen el teatro en nuestra sociedad actual, \u00bfqu\u00e9 \u2018Chile\u2019 crear\u00eda el teatro\u201d? Hace tiempo que artistas teatrales chilenos emplean formas art\u00edsticas para explorar aspectos dif\u00edciles de la identidad nacional, y aqu\u00ed les pedimos una particular valent\u00eda para que propusieran lo (supuestamente) imposible.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cuando mandamos las invitaciones para escribir los \u201cteatros\u201d no aspir\u00e1bamos a contar con un panorama de voces representativas del teatro chileno. M\u00e1s bien, quisimos facilitar una red de individuos cuya imaginaci\u00f3n colectiva dibujara nuevas visiones nacionales con el teatro. Los colaboradores van de artistas teatrales establecidos, a investigadores acad\u00e9micos, dramaturgos y directores m\u00e1s emergentes. Aunque hay muchas voces m\u00e1s en el teatro chileno, estos colaboradores ofrecen una representaci\u00f3n significativa de la vitalidad de la escena contempor\u00e1nea.&nbsp;Al leer los teatros presentados y luego asignar de forma intencionada a los autores para que glosen las piezas de los dem\u00e1s, hemos intentado crear conversaciones absorbentes que esperamos que prosperen&nbsp;y contin\u00faen m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de las p\u00e1ginas digitales de esta edici\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Despu\u00e9s de cursar&nbsp; las invitaciones, y a lo largo del proceso, los eventos inesperados que obligaron a alargar el proceso editorial <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> dificultado por revueltas nacionales y globales desde el verano de 2019 &#8212; han subido la apuesta de imaginar Chile de nuevo. En octubre de 2019, cuando se aumentaron las tarifas del metro, los chilenos estallaron en protestas de una magnitud y frecuencia no vistas desde la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990). El aumento de las tarifas desat\u00f3 la ira a punto de estallar durante 30 a\u00f1os contra un sistema sociopol\u00edtico que, en s\u00ed mismo, era una representaci\u00f3n perfecta con beneficios para unos pocos. Al mismo tiempo, surgi\u00f3 un movimiento feminista en gran parte gracias&nbsp;a las performances callejeras virales de nuestras colaboradoras del Colectivo LASTESIS, que se extendi\u00f3 por el mundo. Y despu\u00e9s, el coronavirus nos golpe\u00f3 a todos. Mientras escribimos la primera versi\u00f3n de este texto, Chile vot\u00f3 a favor de enmendar su constituci\u00f3n de la \u00e9poca de la dictadura; cuando reescribimos el mismo texto hoy, el pa\u00eds est\u00e1 en el proceso de esta enmienda, encabezada por la activista y acad\u00e9mica Elisa Lonc\u00f3n&nbsp;y despu\u00e9s por la epidemi\u00f3loga Mar\u00eda Elisa Quinteros. El 19 de diciembre de 2021, el pueblo chileno tambi\u00e9n eligi\u00f3 un nuevo presidente: Gabriel Boric, un congresista socialista de 35 a\u00f1os que fue un l\u00edder estudiantil en el movimiento para la reforma educacional en 2011. Boric ha prometido reformas progresistas sin precedentes con el objetivo de liberar Chile del largo legado&nbsp;de Pinochet. En los \u00faltimos dos a\u00f1os, Chile ha tenido que afrontar los l\u00edmites de su identidad imaginaria y literalmente ahora est\u00e1 reescribiendo su propio gui\u00f3n, imaginando un futuro por venir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Entendemos que los teatros y glosas de esta edici\u00f3n acompa\u00f1an este proceso nacional de ruptura y revisi\u00f3n e incluso participan en \u00e9l, en un proceso que va en paralelo a los de otras sociedades. Adem\u00e1s, en este momento de aislamiento social, su car\u00e1cter imaginario adquiere un nuevo poder. En medio de una pandemia que parece interminable y que ha impedido, en gran medida, que el teatro se desarrollar\u00e1 tal y como lo conoc\u00edamos antes, nuestros colaboradores han hecho teatro con las herramientas que ahora tenemos disponibles (texto, video, t\u00e9cnicas mixtas), donde la imaginaci\u00f3n de los \u201cespectadores\u201d se vuelve m\u00e1s importante que nunca. Si bien algunos de los textos emplean formas teatrales y otras est\u00e9ticas que se asemejan a las presentadas en ediciones anteriores de IT, otros adoptan una postura m\u00e1s directa, tipo manifiesto, respondiendo directamente a la pol\u00edtica nacional y a la incidencia del arte en este \u00e1mbito. Mucho de lo que parec\u00eda inamovible ha sucumbido, mucho de lo que parec\u00eda inconcebible se est\u00e1 abriendo camino <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> quiz\u00e1s, en un teatro y una sociedad chilena post-pand\u00e9mica, estas imaginaciones no sean tan imposibles como se anticipa. Tal vez tanto los colaboradores como los lectores se vean impelidos a pedir al teatro que haga m\u00e1s de lo que nunca esperamos que pudiera hacer, abriendo fronteras y ofreciendo nuevos modos de encuentro que la pandemia nos ha mostrado que necesitamos.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>En nuestro proyecto existe otro nivel de trabajo imaginativo: el de la traducci\u00f3n. Todos los teatros y las glosas fueron escritos originalmente en castellano, y los han traducido los tres editores anglohablantes nativos. La propia introducci\u00f3n es una compilaci\u00f3n en ingl\u00e9s de textos en ingl\u00e9s y castellano, urdidos y traducidos despu\u00e9s por Alexandra (una editora de los EEUU) al castellano para que David (un editor espa\u00f1ol) los editara. Vemos nuestro trabajo de traducci\u00f3n como inherente, no como suplementario, al proyecto de hacer teatro. Traducir \u201cfielmente\u201d teatros imaginarios&nbsp; es a impregnarse del propio proceso teatral: a producir imaginariamente, y descartar, una serie de posibles representaciones para cada momento; ensayar y reevaluar, volver a montar y reajustar. Como traductores, no fijamos el significado, sino que lo dejamos flotar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Las divisiones ling\u00fc\u00edsticas han impedido a menudo las conexiones significativas entre artistas e investigadores teatrales en Am\u00e9rica del Norte y Am\u00e9rica del Sur, y esta edici\u00f3n de <em>Teatros Imaginados &#8212;<\/em> la primera que existe como artefacto biling\u00fce &#8212; pretende rebajar esta barrera de colaboraci\u00f3n entre hemisferios. Sin embargo, somos conscientes del hecho de que la traducci\u00f3n entre idiomas y, por tanto, entre culturas nunca es neutra. Los mecanismos de la traducci\u00f3n, y el di\u00e1logo impl\u00edcito y expl\u00edcito entre escritor y traductor, abren un espacio imaginativo y din\u00e1mico entre culturas, un cauce para la conversaci\u00f3n y la comprensi\u00f3n continuas y bidireccionales. Este intercambio mutuo es particularmente importante para los editores de los EEUU que traducen, y por tanto interpretan, las palabras de lxs chilenxs y sus teatros imaginados &#8212; nuestros mundos imaginativos deben cooperar y resistirse a las jerarqu\u00edas. Nos hemos preguntado qu\u00e9 encuentro estamos escenificando en nuestra presentaci\u00f3n de los textos originales y traducidos. Para ello presentamos en primer lugar los textos originales en castellano, seguidos de las traducciones al ingl\u00e9s, para honrar el idioma primario de pensamiento y creaci\u00f3n, aunque esta revista est\u00e9 radicada en los EEUU. Ya que estos colaboradores nos invitan a re-montar Chile con gran imaginaci\u00f3n, debemos traducir sus visiones para incitar posibilidades imaginadas para p\u00fablicos que no hablan castellano y que est\u00e1n en otras tierras, algunas con historias complicadas para Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Teatros Imaginados: Chile <\/em>es, pues, en s\u00ed mismo un encuentro teatral e imaginado entre Chile y los EEUU. En estos intercambios vulnerables entre escritor, traductor, y lector\/espectador, nosotrxs todxs, colectivamente, estamos imaginando nuevos teatros de intercambio cultural.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">January 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">What is \u201cChile?\u201d Long before the Spanish arrived and named it so, the strip of land bounded by mountains, desert, ice, and sea already existed; so did its inhabitants. What we today call \u201cChile\u201d <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> its people, territory, history, identity <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> is the complicated product of imagination, necessarily inflected by colonial and neocolonial legacy. Indeed, even Chile\u2019s contemporary international profile as a stable, democratic, economically prosperous, and \u201cadvanced\u201d Latin American nation constitutes an ideal not lived by all Chileans, one that glosses over the deleterious effects of ongoing foreign intervention, from Spain in the 16th century to the U.S. in the 20th.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\"><em>Imagined Theatres: Chile<\/em> attempts to redeploy imaginative power away from bolstering the hegemonic narrative of Chilean nationhood and toward reassessing and re-envisioning this country and its identity through specifically theatrical means. In the summer of 2019, our editorial team, comprising two Chileans and three editors from the U.S. (we later added a Spanish editor), invited prominent Chilean theatre artists and scholars to submit one-page texts responding to these questions: \u201cHow can we use theatre to imagine the country and its territory (in the present, future, and\/or past)? In the hypothetical case in which we do not have the physical, financial, or bureaucratic limits that restrict theatre today in our society, how could theatre make \u2018Chile?\u2019\u201d Chilean theatre artists have long used the art form to work through thorny questions of national identity, and here we asked for particular boldness in proposing the (what might seem) impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">In issuing our invitations to write \u201ctheatres\u201d we did not aim to curate a panorama of voices representing Chilean theatre. Rather, we hoped to foster a network of people whose collective imagination would paint new national visions by way of theatre. The contributors range from established theatre artists, to university scholars, to more emerging playwrights and directors. While many more voices exist in Chilean theatre, these contributors here offer a meaningful representation of the vibrancy of the contemporary scene. In reading the submitted theatres and then deliberately assigning writers to gloss one another\u2019s pieces, we have attempted to create compelling conversations across this spectrum of contributors, conversations that we hope may flourish and continue beyond the digital pages of this issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">The events that occurred after these invitations and throughout the editorial process <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> unexpectedly extended and complicated by both national and global upheavals since summer 2019 <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> have raised the stakes of imagining Chile anew. In October 2019, in response to increased metro fares, Chileans erupted in protests of a magnitude and frequency not seen since Augusto Pinochet\u2019s dictatorship (1973-1990). The fare hike unleashed 30 years\u2019 worth of simmering rage at a sociopolitical system that was itself a sort of imaginary ideal benefitting very few. Simultaneously, a feminist movement surged, thanks in large part to the viral street performances of our contributors in Colectivo LASTESIS, and spread around the world. And then, the coronavirus hit us all. As we wrote the first version of this introduction, Chile voted to amend its dictatorship-era constitution; as we revise today, the country is in the process of this constitutional amendment, led by Mapuche activist and academic Elisa Lonc\u00f3n and then epidemiologist Mar\u00eda Elisa Quinteros. On December 19, 2021, Chile also elected a new president: Gabriel Boric, a 35-year-old Socialist congressman who had been a student leader in the 2011 educational reform movement. Boric has pledged unprecedented progressive reforms meant to finally extricate Chile from Pinochet\u2019s long legacy. Over the past two years, Chile has had to confront the limits of its imagined identity and is now quite literally re-writing its own script, imagining a future to come.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">We see this edition\u2019s theatres and glosses as accompanying, and even participating in, this national process of rupture and revision that parallels that of other societies. Moreover, in this moment of social isolation, their imagined nature acquires a new power. In the midst of a seemingly interminable pandemic that has largely prevented theatre as we once knew it, our contributors have made theatre by the means we now have available (text, video, mixed media), and the imagination of the \u201cspectators\u201d becomes more important than ever. While some of the texts employ theatrical and other aesthetic forms that resemble submissions in previous <em>IT<\/em> editions, others take a more direct, manifesto-like stance, responding directly to national politics and the role art might play in them. So much of what has seemed unshakeable has fallen, so much of what seemed inconceivable is making a way <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> perhaps, in a post-pandemic Chilean theatre and society alike, these imaginings will not be as impossible as anticipated. Perhaps contributors and readers alike may be impelled to ask theatre to do more than we\u2019ve ever expected it could, opening up borders and offering new modes of encounter that the pandemic has shown us that we need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">One more layer of imaginative work exists in our project: that of translation. All of the theatres and glosses were originally written in Spanish, and have been translated by the three native English-speaking editors. Even this introduction is an English-language amalgamation of both English and Spanish texts, woven together and translated by Alexandra (a U.S. editor) into Spanish for David (a Spanish editor) to edit. We see our translation work as inherent, and not ancillary, to the theatre-making enterprise. To translate imagined theatres \u201cfaithfully\u201d is to imbue oneself with the theatrical process itself: to imaginatively produce, and discard, a range of potential performances for each moment; to rehearse and reassess, to reassemble and redress. As translators, we do not fix meaning but allow it to float.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\">Linguistic divides have often inhibited meaningful connection between North and South American theatre artists and scholars, and this issue of <em>Imagined Theatres <\/em><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> the first that exists as a bilingual artifact <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><strong><em>&#8212;<\/em><\/strong> aims to lower this barrier of interhemispheric collaboration. Yet we are attentive to the fact that translation between languages and thus between cultures is never neutral. The mechanics of translation, and the implicit and explicit dialogue between writer and translator, open a dynamic imaginative space between cultures, a conduit for ongoing, bidirectional conversation and comprehension. This mutual exchange is particularly crucial for U.S. editors translating, and thus interpreting, Chileans\u2019 words and their imagined theatres &#8212; our imaginative worlds must cooperate and resist hierarchies. What encounter, we have asked ourselves, are we staging in our presentation of original and translated texts? To that end, we present the original Spanish texts first, followed by their English translations, to honor the primary language of thought and creation even though this journal is US-based. As these contributors invite us to imaginatively re-stage Chile, we must translate their visions so as to spur imaginative possibilities for non-Spanish speaking audiences on different lands, some with complicated histories to Latin America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\"><em>Imagined Theatres: Chile <\/em>is, then, in and of itself an imagined theatrical encounter between Chile and the U.S. In these vulnerable interchanges between writer, translator, and reader\/viewer, we are all collectively imagining new theatres of cultural exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">Alexandra Ripp, Guest Editor&nbsp;\n\nin collaboration with the editorial and translation team: \nMauricio Barr\u00eda\nAnne Garc\u00eda-Romero\nP\u00eda Guti\u00e9rrez \nDavid Rodr\u00edguez-Sol\u00e1s\nAdam Vers\u00e9nyi<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"What is \u201cChile?\u201d Long before the Spanish arrived and named it so, the strip of land bounded by mountains, desert, ice, and sea already existed; so did its inhabitants. What we today call \u201cChile\u201d &#8212; its people, territory, history, identity &#8212; is the complicated product of imagination, necessarily inflected by colonial and neocolonial legacy.","protected":false},"template":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imaginedtheatres.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/issues\/1098"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imaginedtheatres.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/issues"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imaginedtheatres.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/types\/issue"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imaginedtheatres.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}